Sepsis and Septic Shock Essay Example

Sepsis and Septic Shock Essay Sepsis alludes to the uncontrolled foundational safe reaction to contamination. It portrays the condition known as foundational incendiary reaction disorder in which as irresistible etiology is recognized or suspected (Munford, 2001). The key component in sepsis is the mind-boggling fundamental irritation because of the host’s response to microbial intrusion. It includes increased provocative signals in light of an irresistible affront that isn't constrained by neighborhood incendiary procedures. Bacteremia, which is the nearness of microscopic organisms and in blood or septicemia, which is the nearness of any microbial specialist in the blood can prompt sepsis. At the point when the administrative controls that put the fiery reaction under tight restraints can't contain the staggering response, unaffected organs are included and serious sepsis results which is portrayed by multiorgan brokenness. As the homeostatic counterregulatory system comes up short, sepsis advances to se ptic stun, which is the nearness of hypotension alongside organ brokenness. The hypotension, which is characterized as systolic circulatory strain of under 90 mmHg or 40 mmHg not exactly the patient’s common pulse, is inert to liquid revival. Dissimilar to sepsis which is reversible, patients in septic stun have troublesome anticipation and ordinarily capitulate notwithstanding forceful treatment (Munford, 2001).EpidemiologyOver 10 million instances of sepsis have been accounted for in the United States dependent on a 22-year time frame investigation of release information from 750 million hospitalizations (Martin, Mannino, Eaton, Moss, 2003). Yearly, around 750,000 individuals create sepsis and in excess of 210,000 cases are deadly (Bernard, Vincent, Laterre, Larosa, Dhainaut, Lopez-Rodriguez et al 2001; Hotchkiss Karl, 2003). In spite of advances in basic consideration the executives, sepsis has a death pace of 30 to 50 percent and is among the essential drivers of death in escalated care units (Bernard et 2003; Mitchell, Cotran, 1999). It is accepted that the expanding occurrence of serious sepsis is because of the developing populace among the older because of expanding life span among individuals with interminable ailments and the high pervasiveness of sepsis creating among patients with AIDS (Munford, p.798 2001).PathophysiologyThere are a great deal of components inferable from the improvement of sepsis. A few investigations have clashing outcomes on the pathologic premise of the infection and the specific component included has not been clarified. The pathogenesis of sepsis is a progression of complex connections between culpable microorganism and the host fiery, insusceptible and coagulation reactions. The acknowledged hypothesis is that sepsis results from an uncontrolled fiery reaction in which our own safeguard framework turns out to be incredible to such an extent that it makes more harm our organs than the etiologic operator of the underly ing contamination Hotchkiss Karl, 2003). This depends on the overstimulated invulnerable reaction found in investigations of creature models of sepsis which doesn't appear to relate which the clinical picture in people. Clinical preliminaries including calming specialists have not been effective in patients with sepsis which drove agents to address if sepsis is for sure the aftereffect of uncontrolled aggravation (Hotchkiss Karl, 2003). Truth be told, sepsis with organ brokenness is credited to a deficient resistant reaction to essential nearby contamination which permitted it to spill into the circulatory system and the following tissue injury is principally brought about by superantigens and other destructiveness factors from the tainting microorganism (Russel, J.A., 2006).Approximately 70 percent of instances of septic stun are brought about by gram-negative bacilli which produce endotoxin, thus the term endotoxic stun (Mitchell, Cotran, 1999). The endotoxins are the lipopolysacc harides(LPS) from the bacterial cell divider that are discharged after the divider is corrupted during a fiery reaction. The multiplication of the hemodynamic image of septic stun through the infusion of LPS alone shows that LPS is one of the primary guilty parties of septic stun. The complex provocative course brought about by LPS in the long run prompts hypoxic injury and the multi organ disappointment is generally clear in the mind, heart, kidneys, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract. The across the board hypoxia during septic stun makes the mind create ischemic encephalopathy while in the heart, cardiovascular muscles experience coagulation rot and subendocardial hemorrhages. The kidneys experience intense rounded rot because of broad ischemic injury. This outcomes into electrolyte issue, oliguria and anuria which are serious entanglements of sepsis. In spite of the high opposition of lungs tissues to hypoxic injury, diffuse alveolar harm can be seen in extreme bacterial sepsis. I n the gastrointestinal tract, hemorrhagic enteropathy creates which shows up as sketchy mucosal hemorrhages and putrefaction. The liver experiences greasy change and in serious ischemic injury, focal hemorrhagic rot can be seen (Mitchell, Cotran, 1999).Clinical FeaturesThe clinical appearances of sepsis are normally superimposed with the signs and side effects of the essential contamination and other basic ailment of the patient.However, over the span of the sickness, an expanding force of provocative reaction to disease gets obvious despite the fact that the rate differs among patients. Hyperventilation is normally one of the early signs. Appearances of ischemic encephalopathy, for example, bewilderment and disarray may likewise happen from the get-go in sepsis. They are generally observed among the old and in patients with previous neurocognitive shortages (Munford, 2001). Patients with hypotension as a rule presents with feeble yet fast heartbeat joined by tachypnea and chilly, m oist skin. In any case, patients in septic stun might be at first warm because of fringe vasodilation in the skin (Mitchell, Cotran, 1999). It ought to be noticed that a few patients with sepsis are normothermic and even within the sight of contamination, fever can be missing particularly in neonates, old, and patients with uremia or experiencing liquor addiction (Munford, p.801 2001).The event of dispersed intravascular coagulation or DIC, which results from the far reaching initiation of the coagulation framework, can incline patients to ischemic putrefaction particularly to those with hypotension. This prompts skin injuries seen as pustules, cellulites, bullae or hemorrhagic sores. Gastrointestinal inclusion shows as queasiness, retching, looseness of the bowels and ileus. Patients with stress ulcers may give upper gastrointestinal dying. In instances of delayed and serious hypotension, ischemic gut rot may happen just as intense hepatic injury. Height of serum levels of conjugat ed bilirubin regularly prompts cholestatic sepsis. Liver capacity test may uncover raised blood levels of soluble phosphatase which alongside the raised bilirubin speak to a basic hepatocellular or canalicular brokenness (Munford, 2001).Treatment and PrognosisPatients with sepsis requires earnest administration which is best cultivated in an escalated care setting by clinical master experienced being taken care of by fundamentally sick patients. The administration involves prompt treatment of the focal point of disease while giving satisfactory hemodynamic and ventilatory support.The fitting antimicrobial treatment ought to be given quickly dependent on blood culture and affectability albeit an empiric beginning treatment ought to be begun dependent on known pathogens at recognized destinations of contamination. A sufficient anti-toxin spread ought to incorporate treatment against gram-positive and gram-negative microorganism. Pending outcomes from blood societies, empiric antimicro bial treatment can be founded on a few components, particularly in patients with no undeniable wellspring of disease. In immunocompetent grown-ups, satisfactory regimens incorporate ceftriaxone or ticarcillin-clavulanate or piperacillin-tazobactam and imipenem-cilastin or meropenem. Gentamycin or tobramycin might be added to these regimens. On the off chance that the causative specialist is suspected to be methicillin-safe staphylococcous areus, vancomycin ought to be added to these regimens (Munford, 2001). In patients with AIDS, ceftazidime, tircacillin-clavilanate or piperacillin-tazobactam in addition to tobramycin ought to be utilized. In patients with medicate hypersensitivity to beta lactams, ciprofloxacin in addition to vancomycin and tobramycin ought to be utilized (Munford, 2001). Different components to be considered are the nearness of neutropenia or neutrophil tally of under 500 for every microliter, splenectomy and history of intravenous medication misuse. These patien ts require suitable antimicrobial spread dependent on their higher defenselessness to certain microorganisms.The quick expulsion of the focal point of contamination is likewise significant in the fruitful administration of patients with sepsis. Destinations of contamination ought to be recognized quickly and proper seepage ought to be done whenever the situation allows. In patients with inhabiting intravenous catheters, microbial societies ought to be done and another catheter ought to be put in another site. Sufficient hemodynamic and respiratory help ought to likewise be given particularly in patients septic stun to forestall tissue injury optional to ischemia. The pneumonic wedge weight and focal venous weight ought to be observed continually. Metabolic help ought to likewise be given. The pee yield ought to be observed intently for oliguria and anuria. Diuretic treatment with furosemide might be utilized (Munford, 2001).Despite forceful treatment, numerous patients with serious sepsis and septic stun capitulate to the illness. A few new specialists have been created which should promising result in deflecting passing. These are drugs that kill the bacterial endotoxin, for example, monoclonal antibodies to endotoxins and medications that meddle with the middle people of incendiary reaction, for example, monoclonal antibodies to tumor corruption factor alpha. Another promising medication for serious sepsis is

Roman Architecture Essay Example For Students

Roman Architecture Essay The compositional style of Rome was solidly established in the Hellenistic customs. Nonetheless, Roman design is most likely more precisely reflected in the developmentof new building abilities and common landmarks than the thoughts of divine beings and perfectionthat birthed the Greek engineering. They acquainted not just new ways with develop love proficient structure yet in addition a totally unique reason for the structure to be constructed. While as yet holding the excellence that was so astonishingly accomplished by the Greek culture andadding their own basically and resourcefulness, the Romans built up a building stylethat stays right up 'til today. The Greeks individuals had an awesome explanation, in their psyches, to fabricate a beautifulpiece of engineering; the love of divine beings. Generally the entirety of the instances of Greek architecturethat we are aware of today were sanctuaries. The divine beings were the main impetus behind any majorarchitecture of the Hellenistic time frame. This isn't valid for the Roman culture. Despite the fact that theRomans built sanctuaries to their divine beings, the Roman style was all the more prevalently seenin open abodes and get-together territories, for example, basilicas and discussions, than in theirtemples. Indeed, a lion's share of the sanctuaries that the Romans constructed were nothing more thancopies of Greek sanctuaries, except for the domed Pantheon that will bedi scussed later. Additionally, the Romans remembered their heads for the sanctuaries alongside thegods and here and there the sanctuary was only for the sovereign himself. Another significant distinction among Greek and Roman design was thepurpose behind the structure. Greek engineering was intended to be seen as a bit of work of art that was devoted to the divine beings. This is anything but difficult to see from the resplendency of theoutside of the structure with the pediments and metopes and the fairly dreariness of theinside except for the friezes. The Greek planned it as a model in a sense,with the entirety of the magnificence to be seen all things considered. Along these lines of reasoning is turnedcompletely around in the Roman design style. In spite of the fact that the Roman structure arebeautiful outwardly, the genuine craftsmanship lies within with the colorful dividers andpaintings that gave a feeling of profundity to the room. Additionally, the Roman modeler wasconcerned with the lighting of the room so the inside beautifications could be seenclearly. These things were imperative to the Romans in light of the fact that their structures were meantto be gathering places for the general population. The basilica was one such of these sorts ofbuildings that was proposed to be a social affair place for Romans residents to hold meetingand maybe even courts. Bathhouses and commercial centers know as discussions are yet otherexamples of the kinds of building that the Romans concentrated on making satisfying to the eyeon within instead of the outside. Not exclusively did the Romans contrast on for what reason to manufacture a structure yet they additionally madedrastic contrasts on the most proficient method to construct it. The Greeks utilized what is know as a ?post andlintel? arrangement of structuring a structure. This is fundamentally remaining to columnsup and setting a pillar across them. A basic and simple development however on the otherhand not a solid one. As the Roman human advancement became bigger and bigger thebuildings they utilized for gatherings and markets obviously needed to develop as well. This gave aproblem the utilization of segments, on the grounds that the huge the structure, the more segments neededto hold it up. In this way the Romans went to designing for the arrangement and the curve wasborn. By utilizing curves rather than segments and shafts, the heaviness of the structure wasspread equally out and toward the ground instead of legitimately down on the pillar. Thisincreased the measure of weight that could be upheld in a solitary region and in this way givingmore room within by removing beforehand important segments, however they didkeep some around for improvement. This creation obviously changed the mentality on theconstruction of normal structure that would have depended of sections, yet it additionally was astepping stone to another innovation. The vault is just a system of archesthat structure an encased structure. This is the hypothesis that made the Pantheon, a circulardome that was the sanctuary to the divine beings. It is one of the first of its sort and has stood forthousands of years while other structure planned carefully with sections have turn intonothing more than ruins. The unrivaled building aptitudes of the Romans genuinely assumed amajor job in their design and set it apart from their Greek partners. .uc65ac1d47c5f74a3899b4f8042b73ae1 , .uc65ac1d47c5f74a3899b4f8042b73ae1 .postImageUrl , .uc65ac1d47c5f74a3899b4f8042b73ae1 .focused content territory { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .uc65ac1d47c5f74a3899b4f8042b73ae1 , .uc65ac1d47c5f74a3899b4f8042b73ae1:hover , .uc65ac1d47c5f74a3899b4f8042b73ae1:visited , .uc65ac1d47c5f74a3899b4f8042b73ae1:active { border:0!important; } .uc65ac1d47c5f74a3899b4f8042b73ae1 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .uc65ac1d47c5f74a3899b4f8042b73ae1 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; darkness: 1; change: mistiness 250ms; webkit-change: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .uc65ac1d47c5f74a3899b4f8042b73ae1:active , .uc65ac1d47c5f74a3899b4f8042b73ae1:hover { murkiness: 1; progress: haziness 250ms; webkit-progress: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .uc65ac1d47c5f74a3899b4f8042b73ae1 .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relat ive; } .uc65ac1d47c5f74a3899b4f8042b73ae1 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content enhancement: underline; } .uc65ac1d47c5f74a3899b4f8042b73ae1 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .uc65ac1d47c5f74a3899b4f8042b73ae1 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: striking; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe span: 3px; content adjust: focus; content embellishment: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc65ac1d47c5f74a3899b4f8042b73ae1:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .uc65ac1d47c5f74a3899b4f8042b73ae1 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .uc65ac1d47c5f74a3899b4f8042b73ae1-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .uc65ac1d47c5f74a3899b4f8042b73ae1:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Carlos Santana EssayThough the beginning of their thoughts originated from the Greek engineering, the Romanswere splendid in the manners by which they composed and improved those thoughts. Theypioneered developments in engineering, delivered earth shattering structures, and changed thevery way we see structures. They have left an everlasting effect on design bycombining their lifestyle in the engineering that start some time before them.

How Many Colleges Should I Visit TKG

How Many Colleges Should I Visit How many colleges should you visit? You might think that we are about to tell you to visit as many colleges as humanly possible. If so, you’re wrong. We don’t think that. In fact, we have a very specific view on how many colleges every student should visit in order to maximize the effectiveness of their visit, as well as maximize time spent on the process, and minimize stress.We recommend that every student visit at least 5-6 colleges and no more than 10-12. We say this because we want you to visit enough colleges so that you get a truly well-rounded and clear idea of what you like and dislike about various colleges, but not so many that you feel overwhelmed. We find that when students spend the time visiting 13 and 14 colleges, the details begin to blur and it becomes even more confusing than it has to be. After a few colleges, you will begin to notice that there are a lot of similarities in certain areas regardless of where you’re visiting. You will also become more sharply a nd keenly observant of the areas of difference.Where to start? We recommend starting with just one college to begin that seems intriguing or interesting to you. After visiting, you will immediately reflect on what you liked and disliked, which will shape your list of colleges to visit going forward. We also recommend visiting an area with multiple schools at the beginning to maximize efficiency. After you see the first few colleges, you can better determine which schools to spend the travel time to get to and visit schools that are farther away or more isolated. It won’t be a waste because you’ll have a clearer idea of what you are looking for.Some ideas for areas with multiple schools nearby:NYC: NYU, Columbia, The New School, Fordham, Bard, VassarBoston: Tufts, Northeastern, Harvard, Babson, Boston University, MIT, EmersonWashington DC: Georgetown, American, George WashingtonPhiladelphia: University of Pennsylvania, Haverford, Bryn Mawr, SwarthmoreLos Angeles: UCLA, USC, Pomon a, UC Irvine, Occidental, Pitzer, ScrippsBay Area: UC Berkeley, Stanford, UC Santa Cruz, UC San Francisco, Santa Clara UniversityChicago: Northwestern, University of Chicago, DePaulBelow is a step-by-step, How To Visit A College guide for you to follow. Let us know if you have any questions or need help planning your college visits.Before You Go:Register for an information session and tour.Prepare 3-5 questions to ask during the info session and to the tour guide.Pack a notebook or print out a bunch of copies of our College Visit Notepad to pack.While You’re There:Ask questions, pay attention, take photos, and be aware during your information session and tour. Take note of the things that you see that make you think, “Wow that’s cool,” “Eek, weird, I don’t know about that,” or “Let me jot that down so I can look into that later, I want to know more about that.”Audit a class if you can. We can help you find one if you need.Explore areas of campus that may not be on the tour--perhaps the arboretum, visual arts center, engineering library, or a theater.Find out the contact information for your admissions representative. Every geographic area has an admissions representative responsible for reading and recruiting applicants from the area. Find out that information.Fill out an information--this goes into your student file. Demonstrated interest is factored into your admissions decision at many schools. If you apply to a school that you have visited and filled out an information card, they will know that and it could help give you an edge in the application process.Walk around, grab a bite to eat, and get a feel for the surrounding area.After You Leave:Reflect in a conversation and while you fill out your College Visit Notepad. What did you think? How do you feel? What was exciting? Disappointing? Remember, there’s no right answer.Write personalized thank you notes to the leader(s) of your information session and tours, and any professors or stud ents you meet.If you’re wondering when you should begin these college visits, check out our blog post on this exact topic. TL;DR: no earlier than sophomore spring, and because you’re likely reading this as a junior, there are some tips in there about what to do on each visit and how to plan them. You should read it.We’d love to help you plan your college visits. Please don’t hesitate to reach out to us if you have as little as a question or as much as a spring break that you need help filling with college visits. Give us a shout.

Financial Analysis Of Bradesco Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 21 Words: 6224 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? The term refers to the basis statement of Balance sheet, Income Statement and other calculated information about the Company Bradesco (Brazil). The Financial analysis is the process to identify the financial strength and weakness of the firm from the available accounting data and financial statement. The financial report is created by selecting different relating information and evaluating to find out the situation of the Bank. Here we are going to see the different Ratio Analysis of the Bradesco Bank and its position for 3- 4 years. Objective of the Study The basic objective of studying the ratios of the company is to know the financial position of the company. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Financial Analysis Of Bradesco Finance Essay" essay for you Create order To know the borrowings of the company as well as the liquidity position of the company. Get to know about the current assets and current liabilities so as to know whether the shareholder could invest in Bradesco Bank or not. To study the profits of the Business and net sales of the business and to know the stock reserve for sales of the business. To know the solvency of the business and the capacity to give interest to the long term loan lenders (debenture holders) and divided to the share holders. To study the balance of cash and credit in the organization. Source of financial information The Financial data needed in the financial analysis come from many sources. Primary source is the data provided by the company itself in its annual report and required disclosures. The annual report comprises of Balance sheet, Income statement, Capital Adequacy information, Income breakdown, detailed level of Provision for Bad debts, Percentage of market share of Bank, structured details of income and expenses incurred by Bank, statement of cash flows etc. The other information contains various risk factors of the bank and other relevant information of the bank. Tools of Financial Analysis In the analysis of financial statements, the analyst has a variety of tools available to choose the best suits for specific purpose. In this report I confine to Ratio analysis based on information provided from financial statements such as Balance sheet and Income statement which is priority information provider. About the Bank Bradesco Banco Bradesco was founded in 1943 as a commercial bank under the name Banco Brasileiro de Descontos S.A.. In 1948, we entered a period of intense expansion, which made us becoming Brazils largest commercial bank in the private sector at the end of the 1960s. We expanded our activities nationwide during the 1970s, conquering Brazilian urban and rural markets. In 1988, we incorporated our housing loan subsidiaries, our investment bank, and our finance company, making us a multiple bank and then we changed our name to Banco Bradesco S.A. We are one of Brazils largest private banks (non controlled by government) in terms of total assets. We provide a wide range of banking and financial products and services in Brazil and abroad to individuals, small to mid-sized companies and major local and international corporations and institutions. We have the most extensive private-sector branch and service network in Brazil, which permits us to reach a diverse customer base. Our services and products encompass banking operations such as lending and deposit-taking, credit card issuance, consortiums, insurance, leasing, payment collection and processing, pension plans, asset management and brokerage services. It was considered the best company in customer services in 2009, according to a survey, the first of its kind, conducted by Exame magazine together with the Brazilian Institute of Customer Services Relationship (IBRC). It is the leading bank of the seventh edition of the survey Companies that Respect Customers the Most, conducted by Consumidor Moderno magazine in partnership with Shopper Experience. Ratio Analysis Ratio analysis is the widely used tool for the financial analysis. The term ratio is calculated by logical and mathematical relationship between two individual groups of values selected from the financial statement. We can see a different kind of ratios here which can allow the investor to analyze about the situation of the Bank to invest more or less and gives the bank a opportunity to attract the investors to fulfill the capital requirements in future for expansion of its business. Classification of Ratios: Profitability Ratios Liquidity Ratios Capital Adequacy Ratios Asset Quality Ratios Market Risk Ratios Solvency Ratios Credit Risk Ratios Efficiency Ratio Income-expense Ratios Non-performing assets Ratios Investment Ratios We are going to analyze the various general values of the bank by seeing the Balance sheet of the Bank to evaluate the financial condition of the bank whether increasing or decreasing which means a good indication or bad with respective to the bank. The Bank Bradesco Financial Health analysis report is developed using the CAMELS framework of the Bank. With rapid growth in the financial markets and instruments banks became the important set of investors in the world. As profitability of the bank became a highly exposed to risks arising out of fluctuations in market pieces of a variety of financial instruments. There is no more changes in most of the portfolio of the Banks from 2005 2007 were all the ratios and other indicators remains increasing every year which is positive outlook for the bank. But there is more changes happened in bank portfolios and profitability ratio indicators from 2007 which is described precisely with graphs and why is it so happened and what are the measure the bank has to take to tackle this situation from 2006-2010 year. Total Assets: The total assets of the bank are increasing for every year which means a good indication for the bank. Bank has increased 63% of its assets in 2009 from 2007.When we look at the Table the Total assets gives the two quarter indication for the year 2010 but when compared with year 2009 it seems at the end of 2010 the bank is in position to get good assets backed on its portfolio. Even though the Assets of the bank are increasing the bank investments has to be minimal to get the liquidity whenever required. This again depends on whether bank has invested in Long term or short-term investments which we will be seeing in the next coming ratios. Year Total Assets In Millions $ 2005 208683 2006 265547 2007 341144 2008 454413 2009 506223 Total Loans: The Banks total Loans percentage is increased from 2007 to 2008 drastically. Bank has increased 55.6 % of loan in the year 2008 when compared to 2007 and again the percentage is dropped with 5-8% in the year 2009 and we can expect in the year 2010 it may again drop due to increase in Bad debts. The Loans given to the public corporate depends on the profitability of the bank. Loans are the highest-Yield assets for the Bank when compared to securities. Year Total Loans In Millions $ 2005 81130 2006 116225 2007 137112 2008 179995 2009 190989 2010(two-Qtr) 478336 Total Securities Invested in government: The below table shows that the percentage of the government securities invested with Total securities is Decreasing from 2007 tom 2009. Normally banks percentage of investment is more in government securities where those securities returns are Guaranteed and very less attractive in interest rates. So, Bradesco has done some changes in its investments by contributing less in government securities year on year to attain some good return by some other way. Year Total Securities Govt Securities % of govt sec. investment decreasing yr by yr 2005 204875 123691 63.7 2006 235985 143367 57.3 2007 423661 208332 49.1 2008 488093 226942 46.4 2009 571269 251854 44.0 Total Securities Invested in Private: When we look at the below graph of Percentage of Investment in the private securities it is getting increasing every year. Bank has decided to take some risk on its returns to increase its portfolio by investing more in the private securities where it will get good percentage of returns in the short-term Long term. When compared to Securities, Loans are the Higher yield of earnings for the Bank. Bradesco is investing in Short-term securities more than in Long-term securities because Long-term securities tend to carry greater market risk due to change in interest rates. Since Bradesco investing both in Long-term also which is Non-guaranteed private securities usually face credit risk than short-term securities. Year Total Private % of Private securities increasing 2005 204875 81184 8.47 2006 235985 92618 9.29 2007 423661 66828 15.77 2008 488093 91092 18.66 2009 571269 113967 19.949 Total Deposit: When we look at the Bank Balance sheet the different kind of Deposits like Demand deposit, Savings Deposit, Interbank, Time and others. All these different kind of deposits have increased every year from 2007 to 2010 when we look at the below table of total deposit. When the deposits increased it internally means the Liability of the bank is increasing every year where the bank to look out for the more short-term investments rather than Long-term investment because when a situation of contingency raised the banks needs an expected liquidity to face the contingent events. For example Due to any bad event on the bank when depositors felt to withdraw the amounts from the bank then the bank will be in trouble if no proper liquidity is maintained. Year Total Deposit In Millions $ 2005 75406 2006 83905 2007 98323 2008 164493 2009 171073 2010(Two-Qtr) 249175 Total Non-Performing Assets: The Non-Performing Assets are the Bad Debts for the Bank where no Interest or earnings are returned to the bank. So banks write off these kinds of assets in its balance sheet as Non-performing assets. For Bradesco the Non-performing assets is increasing every year which is not a good indication for a bank. Where the increase in the Bad debts of the bank lead to decrease in the earnings of the bank. So management of the bank has to look at this factor to tighten the Loan policies. When we look at the table nearly 50% increases in bad debts from year 2007 to 2009. Year Total NPA In Millions $ 2005 17753 2006 23543 2007 29,062 2008 36155 2009 56561 2010(Two-Qtr) 31618 Net Income After Tax: The below table shows the small percentage of increases every year in the Net income after tax. Even though the Net income of the bank increases every year it seems the bank is not performing as expected. The net income is getting decreased every year due to income tax breaks as one of the factor followed by bank. Bank has to concentrate to invest more in Tax-exempt investment tools to decrease the income tax breaks calculated every year. When we look at the Income statement in the company Financial statement the income tax paid by company increases every year from 2007 -2010 which reduces the Net income. Year Net Income after Tax In Millions $ 2005 5513 2006 6363 2007 7210 2008 7625 2009 8012 2010(Two-Qtr) 4562 Total Loans and Leases: The Bank Total Loans and Leases is increasing every year which is one of the good earning asset of the bank. The Loans can have a provision to become as Bad debts but the more assets of the Leases will be giving high earnings to the bank every year. Year Total Loans and Leases In Millions $ 2005 81130 2006 116225 2007 137112 2008 179955 2009 190989 2010(Two-Qtr) 156695 Income Tax Paid: When we look at the below Graph the income tax paid by the bradesco is increasing year on year which is not a good indication for the bank earnings. The income tax of the bank is squeezing the earnings of the bank every year.So bank has to derive some ideas to decrease the income tax paid by increasing the Tax-exempt securities which should give good returns with low-high risk depends on the bank portfolio expansion. Year Income Tax Paid In Millions $ 2005 2224 2006 2212 2007 2432 2008 2729 2009 2566 2010(Two-Qtr) 2171 Credit Risk-I: The Credit risk-I is calculated by dividing the Total Loans by Total Deposit where it shows the default by a borrower to whom the bank has extended credit.When we look at the table of values every year the Credit Risk is gettting decreased only a relatively small percentage of total loans turns bad to push the bank to decrease the earnings.The bank examiners representing the regulatory community may become mmore concerned because loans are usually among the riskiest of all banks assets and therfore deposits may be carefully protected. A rise in the bad loans or declining market values of otherwise good loans relative to the amount of a banks deposits creates greater depositor risk. Year Total Loans Total Deposit Credit Risk-I 2005 170392 211525 0.80 2006 210204 221759 0.94 2007 478366 351822 1.36 2008 644708 533125 1.21 2009 731383 675676 1.08 2010(Two-Qtr) 406,695 349175 1.16 Credit Risk-II: Year NPA Total Loans Leases Credit Risk in Ratio Credit Risk in % 2005 17753 170392 0.104 10.4 2006 23543 210204 0.112 11.2 2007 29062 478366 0.06 6.07 2008 36155 644708 0.06 5.6 2009 56561 731383 0.08 7.73 2010(Two-Qtr) 31618 406695 0.08 7.77 The Credit Risk-II is calculated by diving the Non-performing assets with the total Loans and Leases. The credit Risk is increasing every year. When we look at the Provision for doubtful debts in the financial statements of Bradesco the Net charge off values which is declared as worthless and written off in the books is increasing. Bank has to take some measure to look back the values of Charge off to make the earnings stable by decreasing the percentage of NPA Values. Liquid Ratio-I: The values of the table below shows that the Liquidity risk for the Bank is very high where the values are in decreasing mode from year 2007-2009. The bank moves ahead to meet the danger of having insufficient cash to meet a banks obligations when due. This ratio is calculated by dividing the Cash investment in Government securities with the total assets. The securities taken as short-term securities which can be easily converted as Cash when need arises. Bankers should take as immediate decision on to improve the Liquidity to meet the deposit withdrawals, Loan demand, and other cash needs. Year Cash+Govt sec Total Asset Liquid Ratio-I 2005 155469 796454 0.19 2006 138574 958065 0.14 2007 227079 1231305 0.18 2008 254333 1635777 0.16 2009 283905 1956526 0.15 2010(Two-Qtr) 152872 1090726 0.14 Liquid Ratio-II: This ratio is calculated by dividing the Net Loans to Total Assets which seems to be decreasing every year from 2007-2010. If this position continues the bank shoule be forced to borrow emergency funds at excessive cost to cover its immediate cash needs which inturn reduces its earnings. A significant decline in the bank liquidity position oftern forces to pay higher interest rates to attract negotiable Money market CDs. Banks should reduce the heavier use to purchased funds where the chances of making the bank in liquidity crunch in the event of heavy deposits happen. Year Net loans Total Assets Liquid Ratio-2 2005 152638 796454 0.19 2006 186660 958065 0.21 2007 423266 1231305 0.34 2008 576151 1635777 0.35 2009 627673 1956526 0.32 2010(Two-Qtr) 348910 1090726 0.32 Solvency Ratio:: Debt-equity Ratio-I: Bank must be directly consier the risk to the long-run survival where the ratio below shows that there is a danger for a bank may fail due to negative profitability and erosion of its capital in long-run where the Debt-equity ratio is increasing every year. This can be calculated using Total Liability to Total Owner equity. Wher Total Liability is increasing every year where the large portion of its security portfolio declines in market value, generating seriour capital loss when sold, then its capital account which is designed to absorb such losses. Year Total Liability total Owners equity Debt-Equity Ratio-I 2005 796454 71874 11.08 2006 958065 88359 10.84 2007 1117033 113116 9.88 2008 1498565 135045 11.1 2009 1800303 153215 11.75 2010(Two-Qtr) 1001221 87382 11.46 Debt -Equity Ratio-II: The Debt-equity ratio is calculated using the Long-term debt to total Liability equity. This seems to be increasing year on year which is bad indication to the bank. When Long-term debts increasing the interest in turn increases where the income of the bank decreases. Depends on the decrease of ratio if investor believes that a bank has an increased chance of failing in future then the market value of the stock begins to fall and it must pose higher interest rates to attract funds needed. Risk assets consist mainly of loans securities Year Long term debt Total Liability equity Debt-Equity Ratio-II 2005 229570 796454 0.28 2006 307569 958065 0.32 2007 327130 1230149 0.27 2008 434114 1633610 0.24 2009 525479 1953518 0.27 2010(Two-Qtr) 327511 1088603 0.30excluding cash, plant and equipment and other bank assets. Exposure to Banks Financial Institution Ratio: The Bank bradesco has a good exposure to other banks and financial institutions where the value of the Investment to total assets is increasing from 2007 to 2010. This means to bank is good indicative of the additional resources it can raise in event of a future requirement of reserve balances. The increasing in the ratio also shows us to some extent a banks fortunes are dependent upon the solvency of other banks and financial institution. Since bradesco has some higher percentage of the exposures to other banks and Financial institution its returns risk is also dependent on the performance of other banks also. This seems to be good for time being for Bank but for long run bank has to have carefull watch on other bank and institutions before investing on heavy assets. Year Investments Total Assets Ex-Bnk-Fn-ratio 2005 375387 796454 0.47 2006 411540 958065 0.42 2007 647920 1231305 0.52 2008 837064 1635777 0.51 2009 1036984 1956526 0.53 2010(Two-Qtr) 597898 1090726 0.55 Operating Efficiency Ratio: As a Bank it takes various efforts to maximize profitability and to increase the value of stockholders investment. To achieve this every bank need to recognize the need for greater efficiency in their operations. Higher operating efficiency is achieved by reducing operating expenses and increasing the productivity of their employees through use of automated equipment and improved employment training. Bradesco as a bank followed to pay high interest rates for their funds and encouraged management to reduce non interest costs for employee salaries and benefits and overhead costs. Bradesco is performing well in the Operating efficiency where it seems to be increasing every year. Year Tot-operating expense Operating Income Operating-eff-ratio 2005 18926 33701 0.56 2006 22239 38221 0.58 2007 21960 31544 0.7 2008 26153 36278 0.72 2009 33427 43493 0.77 2010(Two-Qtr) 16713 23530 0.71 Profitability Ratios Return on Equity: As a Bank bradesco has to give some good returns to its shareholders at the end of the year by increasing its stock value resulting in increasing the net income for every year. With respect to net worth of share holders equity. The value of ROE decides the rate of return flowing to the banks shareholders. The results of the bradesco approximate the net benefit that the shareholders received from investing their capital in the bank. The Return on equity is calculated using the Net income after tax to Total Equity capital is shown in table. This seems to be increasing for every year with little variation in 2009. So we assume the bank post same kind of increasing curve in the year 2010. Year Net income Net worth ROE 2005 5513 19409 28.4 2006 6363 24636 25.8 2007 7210 30357 23.8 2008 7625 34257 22.3 2009 8012 41754 19.2 Return on Assets: The return on assets is the primary indicator for the Managerial efficiency of the bank. It indicates how capable the management of the bank has been converting the institutions assets into net earnings. Return on Assets is calculated by dividing the Profit after tax or Net income to the Total assets. The ratio seems to be unstable for the bank where management has to look out for changes in the operations to increase and get it stable. when we look at the table values it seems to be increasing ROA for the year 2010 when compared to last two years till second quarter results. So we hope the bank has already taken some measure to increase the ROA for coming years. Year Profit after tax Total Asset Return on Assets 2005 5513 208683 2.6 ÂÂ  2006 6363 265547 2.4 2007 7210 341144 2.1 2008 7625 454413 1.7 2009 8012 506223 1.6 Interest Income Ratio: This Ratio is the driver of net interest margin. This ratio is calculated by dividing the Interest income to total assets. When we look at the table values below it clearly indicates that Bradesco Interest income ratio is decreasing for every year indicates that the bank faces greatest competition and lesser avenues for growing assets more profitably. The lesser the interest income shows that the bank investments in other banks and financial institutions gives the lower returns and the bank has to plan for long run to gain more interest income investments. Year Interest income Total Assets % Interst-Inc ratio 2007 19225 1231305 1.56 2008 22938 1635777 1.4 2009 27228 1956526 1.39 2010(Two-Qtr) 15069 1090726 1.38 Non-Interest Income Ratio: This ratio is complementary of Off-balance sheet exposure ratio and gives us the proportion of income coming from off-balance sheet items to Interest bearing assets. The trend seems to be decreasing after year 2007 where it is calculated by dividing the Non-interest income to Net-interest income. Based on the two quarter values of year 2010 the value of Non-interest income will be increasing for 2010. Year Non-int income Net-Int income Non-Int Income Ratio 2007 11566 20375 0.57 2008 11271 23143 0.49 2009 14142 29754 0.48 2010(Two-Qtr) 7044 15736 0.45 Non-Interest Income Margin: Year Non-Int Income Contingent Liability Non-Int Inc Margin 2007 11566 33889 0.34 2008 11271 40167 0.28 2009 14142 45507 0.31 2010(Two-Qtr) 7044 24244 0.29 The Non-interest income margin measure the amount of noninterest revenues stemming from the deposit service charges and other service fees the bank has been able to collect which is called the fee income relative to the amount of non interest costs incurred includes Salaries, wages, repairs, Maintenance costs, and loan-loss expense. For Bradesco the non interest income is negative and this situation arises for most of the banks. Even though the bank has raised its fee income the non-interest costs generally outstrip fee income. This ratio is calculated by dividing the Non-Interest income to Contingent liability which seems to be decreasing. Non-Performing Assets Provision Ratio: This ratio tells us the extent of provisions made for loan losses against the income earned on interest earning assets. A higher or increasing value of this ratio suggests that provisions are typically eating into the profits earned on interest bearing assets. When we look at the values below the values for NPA is increasing every year from 2007-2009. We can see that at the end of second quarter of 2010 shows NPA as 2.01 where whole year of 2009 contributed to value of 1.9. So based on this there is chance of further increasing in value can be seen at the end of year 2010. This trend of increasing in NPA is not good indication for Bradesco and its earnings. Year Provision NPA Net-Int. Income NPA Provision Ratio 2007 29062 20375 1.43 2008 36155 23143 1.56 2009 56561 29754 1.9 2010(Two-Qtr) 31618 15736 2.01 Operating Expense Ratio: The operating expense ratio of the Bradesco is being increasing form 2007-2009. As per the value below for two quarter of 2010 it is assumed that I will cross the mark of 2009. The ratio gives us the proportion of Operating expense to Net-interest and Non-interest income. So far these many years the operating expense ratio is getting increase for many banks and also for Bradesco. This can be reduced when more banking services available through home, office or shopping center, computer terminals, there is less need for elaborate to expand physical facilities in turn will lower the operating expense. Year Operating Expense Net-Int+Non-Int income % Operating-Expense Ratio 2007 21960 31941 68.75 2008 26153 34414 75.99 2009 33427 43896 76.15 2010(Two-Qtr) 16713 22780 73.36 Capital Adequacy Ratios Capital Asset Ratio: The Value of Capital Asset Ratio is calculated with Ratio of Owners equity to Total assets. This ratio tells us extent of shareholders funds maintained against the total assets owned by the bank. It also gives us an indication of the maximum extent of losses in the value of assets that the bank can withstand. Banks experiencing declining earnings usually find their CAR is weakened because less earnings are available to retain in the business. Since there is decrease in CAR banks are refused to give dividends to shareholders. CAR value drastically comes down in year 2009 were based on two quarter values of 2010 we assume bradesco can able to achieve a increased value for CAR for the year 2010 compared to last two years. Years Net worth Total Asset % of Capital Asset Ratio 2005 35476 208683 17.3 2006 47798 265547 18.8 2007 51171 341144 15.6 2008 72706 454413 16.9 2009 86057 506223 17.8 Basel Risk Weighted Ratio: This ratio tells us the extent of Capital (as per the regulatory definitions) maintained against the Total risk weighted assets. The bank has relatively high ratio of Equity Capital to Risk weighted assets. Equity capital gives the bank protection against declining income and grants management time to correct the banks earnings problem. These problems addressed quickly before continuing earnings losses erode the banks remaining capital and threaten its survival. Based on the two quarter value of 2010 the Bank can get the increased value of Basel risk weighted Ratio when compared to previous years. Year Tier-I-II-III Capital Tot Risk Wt. Asset % of Basel-Risk weighted 2007 154676 918671 16.83 2008 181006 1150797 15.72 2009 207738 1186522 17.5 2010(Two-Qtr) 108295 665205 16.27 Tier-I Capital Ratio: This gives us the proportion of equity held against the amount of risk weighted assets. Risk weighted assets are a measure of the amount of risk involved with each asset. The values of the Risk are getting increased year by year showing the bank is getting into more risk. When we look into two quarter values of 2010 the bank is getting more riskier after the values evolved out at the end of the year. This shows the management the bank is entering at high risk in year 2010 to take measure on this to decrease the Risk weighted assets. Year Tier-I Capital Tot Risk Wt. Asset % of Tier-I capital 2007 113115 918671 12.31 2008 153045 1150797 11.73 2009 153214 1186522 12.91 2010(Two-Qtr) 87382 665205 13.13 Net Capital Asset Ratio: Net Non-performing asset is an expected loss that is not provided for, the true amount of capital available to withstand losses in total asset value is lower than the net worth. This ratio captures the true amount of such capital available. The ratio is Net worth minus Net NPA to total asset. The values of the NCA is decreasing every year which tends to show that the Capital amount where the bank can able to withstand the losses is decreasing every year. Year Net worth-NetNPA Total Asset % of NCA 2005 54120 796454 6.71 2006 64815 958065 6.78 2007 84053 1231305 6.82 2008 98890 1635777 6.05 2009 96653 1956526 4.94 2010(Two-Qtr) 55764 1090726 5.11 Net Non-Performing Coverage Ratio: The Net NPA coverage ratio is calculated by dividing the Provision for NPA to Net worth. Percentage reduction in net worth if provisions made against entire amount of Net NPAs. The below table shows the increasing values of the Net NPA coverage ratio values which is one of the negative way of operation of a Bank. The increasing in this value will troubles the bank earnings. Year Provision NPA Net worth % of Net NPA coverage Ratio 2005 17753 71874 24.7 2006 23543 88359 26.66 2007 29062 113115 25.69 2008 36155 135045 26.77 2009 56561 153214 36.91 2010(Two-Qtr) 31618 87382 36.18 Equity Risk Weighted Ratio: This gives us the proportion of equity held against the amount of risk weighted assets. Risk weighted assets are a measure of the amount of risk involved with each asset. The values of the Risk are getting increased year by year showing the bank is getting into more risk. When we look into two quarter values of 2010 the bank is getting more risky after the values evolved out at the end of the year. This shows the management the bank is entering at high risk in year 2010 to take measure on this to decrease the Risk weighted assets. Year Tier-I Capital Tot Risk Wt. Asset % of Tier-I capital 2007 113115 918671 12.31 2008 153045 1150797 11.73 2009 153214 1186522 12.91 2010(Two-Qtr) 87382 665205 13.13 Short Term Leverage Ratio: Short term borrowed funds are typically a very volatile source of funds for banks.A higher value of this ratio is indicativeof aggressive behaviour on the part of banks. This ratio has to be carefully tracked as high and increasing values of this ratio have typically been associated with subsequent financial problems for banks. The values in the table shows that it is unstable and not aggressively moving up or down. From this we can assume that bradesco bank is not more concern about the short-term borrow funds when compared to other factors. Year short-term Borrowed Total Asset % Short-term leverage 2005 25428 796454 3.1 2006 21744 958065 2.2 2007 28865 1231305 2.34 2008 44441 1635777 2.71 2009 39981 1956526 2.04 2010(Two-Qtr) 17985 1090726 2 Gross NPA Ratio: Gross NPA is the total assets that are not generating any income for the bank. This ratio is not of much value because this is not only the non-income generating assets for the bank. When we look at the calculated values it has been increasing year on year where the percentage of Gross NPA is increasing causing the more number of assets of the bank as non-income generating assets. Gross NPA is calculated on the Gross NPA divided by total Assets. Year GrossNPA Total Asset % of Gross NPA 2005 17754 796454 2.23 2006 23543 958065 2.45 2007 33380 1231305 2.71 2008 41602 1635777 2.54 2009 63449 1956526 3.24 2010(Two-Qtr) 36627 1090726 3.35 Net NPA Ratio: Net NPA is calculated by dividing the Net NPA value by Total Assets. The proportion of Total assets that are to be written off. As with gross NPA ratio this ratio is not much value but is very widely used in financial press. As like Gross NPA the value of Net NPA is also increasing every year for the bank. Year Net NPA Total Asset % of Net NPA 2007 29062 1231305 2.36 2008 36155 1635777 2.21 2009 56561 1956526 2.89 2010(Two-Qtr) 31618 1090726 2.89 Equity Multiplier: The equity Multiplier is calculated using Total assets divided by Total equity Capital. The equity multiplier leverage or financing policies. The sources chosen to fund the bank is equity or debt. Out of the few other ratios the Equity Multiplier is largest, averaging about 12* or larger for most banks. The value of the Equity multiplier is increasing every year the projected value of the two quarters of 2010 seems to be getting more than 13* at the end of the year 2010. The equity Multiplier is the direct measure of the banks degree of financial leverage show how many dollars must be supported y each dollar of equity capital and how much of bank resource would rest on debts. Due to the large value of equity multiplier, the bradesco bank is more exposed to failure risk. In the same way the larger the value will give the greater banks potential for higher returns for its stockholders. Year Total Assets Equity Capital Equity Multiplier 2005 796454 71874 11.08 2006 958065 88359 10.84 2007 1231305 113115 10.89 2008 1635777 135045 12.11 2009 1956526 153214 12.77 2010(Two-Qtr) 1090726 87382 12.48 Net Profit Margin: Net profit margin is calculated by dividing the Net profit after tax to total operating income. The value of this ratio tells us the effectiveness of expense management (cost control) and service pricing policies. This value tells that banks can increase their earnings and their returns to their stockholders by successfully controlling expenses and maximizing revenues. Similarly allocating banks assets to the highest-yielding loans and investment while avoiding excessive risk, Management can rise the average yields on its assets. The values of the ratio is decreasing in the year 2009 tells that the bank have incurred higher expense and lower revenue wherere in the year 2010 the value of ratio seems to be greater than all the three years tells that higher revenues and lower expense. Year Net income Tot-ope-income Net Profit Margin 2005 5513 33701 0.16 2006 5054 38221 0.13 2007 7210 31544 0.23 2008 7625 36278 0.21 2009 7586 43493 0.17 2010(Two-Qtr) 4602 23530 0.2 Earning Per Share of Stock: Year Net income Equity outstanding % of EPS 2005 5513 108356 5.06 2006 5054 126941 3.98 2007 7210 154421 4.66 2008 7625 180659 4.22 2009 7586 207635 3.65 2010(Two-Qtr) 4602 108244 4.25 The earning per share is calculated by net income after tax to Common equity shares outstanding. The values seems to be drastic decrease in the year 2009 but when compared to previous two years of 2008 and 2009. The EPS value in the year 2010 seems to be higher for investors. If there is more decline in the value of EPS have a bigger impact for the entire bank performance which reduces the deposits, Loan demands, good will etc. Bradesco maintains the positive way of Earning per share of stock to its investors which channels the growth prospects by its stockholders. Credit Risk -3: The Credit Risk is calculated by dividing the Annual provision to Total Loans lease. These ratio values seem to be worrisome for bank because banks hold little owners capital relative to the aggregate value of their assets. So only a relative small percentage of total loans need to turn bad to push any bank to the brink of failure. The below values in the table shows that the banks exposure to credit risk grows and the bank cannot able to withstand the more losses coming on it way in long-run. The bank has to look out these values and take necessary immediate measures for the coming years for loan losses. Year Annual provision loan losses Total Loan leases % of Credit Risk-3 2005 17372 270392 6.42 2006 22992 310204 7.31 2007 24609 478366 5.14 2008 31005 644708 4.80 2009 45886 731383 6.27 2010(Two-Qtr) 25605 406695 6.29 Credit Risk -4: The credit risk ratio is calculated using the value of Allowance for Loan losses and the total Loans and Leases. This is also one of the way banks performance can be measured to undertake some necessary actions on its credit risk. When we look at the both Ratios of Credit Risk-3 and Credit risk-4 which reveals the extent to which a bank is preparing for loan losses by building up its loan-loss reserves which is the allowance of loan losses through annual charges against current income which is the provision for loan losses. When we look the values every year the percentage of Risk values is increasing and even in year 2010 it is assumed to be increasing one compared to other four years based on values of two quarters indicated. So, Bradesco Management has to minimize giving up more loans until the losses on loan are recovered and bank has to look for Liquidity risk also. When the credit risk increases which in turn posses the Liquidity risk to the bank by creating a cash crunch for d eposit withdrawals. Year Allowance for Loan losses Total Loan leases % of Credit Risk-4 2005 15115 270392 5.54 2006 22815 310204 7.32 2007 30491 478366 6.37 2008 37552 644708 5.82 2009 57824 731383 7.90 2010(Two-Qtr) 32180 406695 7.91 Asset Utilization Ratio: The asset utilization tells that what is the ability of the bank to convert its assets into the revenues. When the value of this Ratio is increasing then the bank has hold good ability to convert its assets into generated revenues for its shareholders. This can achieve by dividing the Total Operating revenues of the bank to Total assets. This value also tells us about the management efficiency of the operation of the bank. Management decisions of mix of funds raised and invested, depending on the value of Asset utilization we can judge about the banks portfolio whether the bank has big or small portfolios. The pricing of services can also be knows from this value and based on the asset utilization the bank can reduce its tax liability to increase the net income of the bank. By carefully allocating the banks assets to the highest yielding loans and investments while avoiding excessive risk, management can raise the banks average yield on its assets. The value seems to be decreasing fo r Bradesco every year so as per the shareholder point of view the ability of management of the bank has reduced converting of the assets into revenues for past 2-3 years. Year Operating income Total Asset % Asset utilisation 2005 33701 796454 4.23 2006 38221 958065 3.98 2007 31544 1231305 2.56 2008 36278 1635777 2.21 2009 43493 1956526 2.22 2010(Two-Qtr) 23530 1090726 2.15 Net Bank Operating Margin: The Income expense is calculated by subtracting the Total Operating expense from the total Operating income. The calculated Income-expense ratio is used to calculate the Net bank operating Margin by dividing the income expense to total assets. The Net bank operating margin in increasing every year which seems to be decrease in the income yielding of the bank. The more the expense incurred by the bank the more the income will be reducing and therefore increasing in the operating margin by increasing the operating expense. So the banks has to take up some strategies to lower down this expense the bank has made. The Bank management has to introduced some different ways to lower the income expense values which brings the positive look for the shareholders of the bank. Year Income-expense Total Assets % of Net Bank operating Margin 2005 14774 796454 1.85 2006 15982 958065 1.68 2007 9584 1231305 0.77 2008 10125 1635777 0.61 2009 10066 1956526 0.51 2010(Two-Qtr) 6817 1090726 0.62 Conclusion: Here we come to the conclusion part of the financial analysis of the Bank Bradesco where we have seen many ratio calculations and its impacts on the bank using the Table values and graphs. Now we can look on certain key factors where the bank management has to look seriously to improve the performance of the bank in the coming years. The Liability of the bank is increasing every year which is a threat to company portfolio. The Capital adequacy ratio is weaken every year in turn resulting in less earnings whereby bank has to decide not to give dividends to shareholders which results in no profits for the shareholders of the stock. Credit risk is increasing every year due to loan losses and doubtful debts are increasing. Liquidity risk is also increasing every year where the bank has to take measure to provide the provisions for contingencies happening suddenly like high Loan demands, more deposit withdrawal etc. Non-performing assets ratio is increasing by which bank is losing its earnings of its assets every year due to this bank can erode its capital in a long term basis is one of the key point to look by management. Should concentrate on improving the net income after tax by investing more profit before tax money into the Tax exempt investment bonds which should be secured returns. Bank is increasing its private securities investments aggressively when compared to government securities investment so that it has to be cautious while investing it in the private about the market values of the assets which is not guaranteed returns as expected. The bank returns on the stockholder value is good which can be seen using the equity multiplier even though is looks positive prospects but still the concern about the high value of equity multiplier will give a way for the banks failure. Bradesco investment in other banks and financial institution is becoming very high percentage every year so as to yield higher returns on its assets. While doing so the bank has to watch closely the other banks and financial institution performance and its liability to its market value before investing. The returns on the banks investment depends on the interest rates which tends to change over time is unpredictable. So bank should reduce the investment of Long-term investments and invest more in short term so as to increase the liquidity ratio whenever required. When we look at the last 6 years information the bank is very well performed in the year 2005-2007 but the bank is dropping down its income and increasing its expense, non performing assets are the real negative indications for the bank to take a look at its operations. The profit margin of the company is also seems to be decreasing because the operating expense increasing with respect to income so that net income is decreasing. The bank should think other some other new services to introduce in the bank to increase the non-interest income for the coming years. Bank has to look out for various investment plans for the Profit before tax income to give the increased income for the shareholders with the profits instead of paying it as Tax. Primary source of information: The links of the Banks where the financial statements for the 4-6 years are given in the site itself is given below https://www.bradescori.com.br/site/conteudo/home/default.aspx?idiomaId=2 The above link contains the Financial statements, Earnings release, Historical information for 4 years information in spreadsheet which is used to calculated the ratios in the Report. The spreadsheet is attached below which is the reference and historical financial information for Bradesco. Based on the information the Ratio calculations are made. The Link give below is for the source of information for every quarter and yearly from 2005-2007 is calculated using the spreadsheet given in the company site given below https://www.bradescori.com.br/site/conteudo/informacoes-financeiras/demonstracoes-financeiras.aspx?secaoId=721 The source of information is the financial statements from 2007-2010 each quarters of the company which is in the below link is available.

What Are Privacy Rights - 2093 Words

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Social Care and Technology

Question: Explain how technology can be used to support users of health and social care services in living independently. Explain health and safety considerations in the use of technologies in health and social care? Answer: 1. Case Study Technology has become the part and parcel of human life today. In the first case study of Sally a woman with multiple sclerosis various factors are studied and discussed of the role of Technology in making her life easier and also the barriers in the smooth assistance by using the technology and assistance. 1.1 Technology as a support of health and social care services in living Independent life- It wont be an exaggeration if the present era is called to be in the midst of Technology Revolution. Health care being a primary need of mankind, is not untouched by this revolution. Technology has replaced human beings in many fields in the form of computers, machinery and even robots (Davies, 2013). In the social and health care department too, technology has made it easier and people have become independent all thanks to the machines and tools. The concept under explanation in this study is that how technology is helping the health care and social care easier and independent. 1.1.1 Independent living- Independent living refers to the ability to live independently in the community and at the same time be a productive member of the community (Yang, 2013). It might not mean that the person is living a life on ones own, but rather its concerned with having the control on his life. Independent living means having a freedom to choose where to live and having same freedom of making any choice like a non-disabled person (Independent Living May Reduce Recidivism, 2004). With reference to the Elder-care, the independent living is considered as a step in the continuum of the care. The next step here is the assisted living. 1.1.2 The users of health and social care services- The people who need health and social care are generally people who have certain kind of physical disability and need assistance. Also the elderly people who are of the age where they need constant attention and assistance in their activities. As given in the first case of Sally, she is a person suffering from multiple sclerosis. Due to which her vision and motor controls have weakened and thus she needs some assistance in her activities. There the social and health care services help. Technology comes in the picture as a saviour for such patients (Kim, Younsu and Ryu, Hoyoung, 2012). 1.1.3 Meaning of assistive technology in health and social care Heath care and social care services have two aspects, one the medical and physical help and other is the psychological help to the disabled and old. Assistive technology means any device or any system that helps an individual to perform a task that was not possible otherwise. It is helpful in increasing the ease and the safety of the activity (Davey, 1999). This technology ranges from the simple technology devices like calendar clocks to the high- tech devices like automatic lighting and telecare sensors. 1.1.4 The assistive technologies provided to Sally The case study here of Sally, a 42 years old woman diagnosed with multiple sclerosis reveals and bases the fact the technology can help in making life easier for the patients of such diseases. A vision specialist recommends Sally to use an eye patch when warranted to help her in the vision problem. After that when she feels difficulty in office works and driving, due to weakness in the right side of body, a special keyboard is prescribed that covered a larger surface and has large black letters which are surrounded by a yellow background. Other technical assistant tools she is provided are dressing stick and toothbrush handles. For cooking some kitchen aids which included jar openers and recipe card holders. Some larger pots and pans; and also for gardening the adapted gardening tools are to be used by her to live her normal life with same routine. That means the real independence. For driving, a spinner knob and left foot accelerator are fitted in her car and she is given training t o use them. Then gradually she even had issues with her memory so psychologist referred a personal digital assistant (PDA) that is called the "Pocket Coach". It functions with a single button push and assists in the memory functioning by telling what she has to do next. 1.2 The barriers to the use of technology- In most of the countries in the world, the disabled are considered to be a burden on the family and society. They are considered to be an object of professional intervention and a burden for not just others but for themselves also. They are deprived of basic needs like education and jobs and that leads to force them to live a life of poverty. In that case its not easy for them to afford a technical assistance as these facilities are very expensive. The barriers can be of various types, as social, financial, the lack of internal resources and the resistance to technology (Copley and Ziviani, 2004). The new technology is very expensive for most of the disabled people who actually need it. They are not earning so it becomes a burden rather than help. Society is very resistant to change. Change of any kind is not easy to mingle in the social setup and technology is a little complicated one as it needs a lot of training too. Sally must have felt the same constraints as she was to be trained in using all the new technical gadgets and helps designed for her; especially, at the age of 42, when she had a certain way of life and habits of using things in a certain manner. To change all that with the psychological impact of the ailment is not easy for anyone. 1.3 Benefits of technologies to health and social care organisations and their users- The technology has its benefits that nobody can ignore. For the independent and comfortable life the technology is a boon to the disabled people. It assists them in daily routine and thus makes the family or society also a sense of relief. It makes the individual independent and confident that even being disabled, one is not a burden on the society or family. As in the case of Sally now she can drive herself and even work in an office so can be financially independent. Also daily routine work she can manage without bothering the family. If the buildings, transport systems and all other general needs and facilities are disabled friendly then the society doesnt need to feel that disabled are a burden. 2.1 Health and safety considerations in the use of technologies in health and social care- General belief in the society is that the technology will improve the health care efficiency, its quality, users safety and also the cost paid by the society. But is has its constraints and concerns like the same technology may also introduce some adverse errors. The safety considerations are very important. The first thing to be kept in mind is that new technology needs training. The nurses or other specialists must have proper training (Higginson, Jefferys and Hodgson, 1997). The person who is going to use it, the patient, needs to be trained with patience and perfection so that he may use it to benefit. It may not have any adverse effect on health of the user as well as the people around, as some radio active device or something alike should be used carefully. The technology is usually a complex phenomenon so it must be made user friendly. The family especially has to be the first bearer after the patient himself. Then they have to adapt their outlook and life styles according to the needs of the patient. The needs can be social, psychological, biological, physical or even financial. The technology can assist the patient but it may not be as efficient as the real body and mind of the person. Also the psychological brunt sometimes makes it difficult, so the family and social care have to keep the patients moral high. 2.2 Discuss ethical considerations in the use of assistive technologies- It is very important to think carefully and rationally about all the pros and cons of the technical assistance for the patient and care givers. Many technical devises may have a threat to the privacy of the user. In that case the user has to be very careful and alert while using it. So comfort is affected. The technology may have a very alarming threat that it may cut off the person from the real world. The real human contact needed may not be available when they start using the technical support. The technical support lacks the personal, psychological and emotional touch to it. The patient then may fall prey to the loneliness and that is not at all advisable. So the ethical consideration needs to be given here to this problem. Other factors are also there. The device may be complicated and the user may not get used to it. Like the age factor may intervene or even the technical knowledge of the person. As in the case of Sally, she is 42. That age is considered to be a little difficul t, to learn a new technology easily. It may also foster a one sided focus on the patients problem. The help may prove sometimes threat to the amount of strength or ability that is still there in the patient. The technology may make him totally dependent on itself and that is also a hindrance in the recovery and the self confidence of the patient may get adversely affected. 2.3 Explain the impact of recent and emerging technological developments on health and social care services, organizations and care workers The latest technology in the field of health care and social care are very advanced and complex. Its impact on society is generally positive, but the negative aspects cannot be denied as well. The technology has to be not just user friendly, but also the environment and surrounding should not get any adverse effect or disturbance due to the use of technology by the disabled. The patient needs all kinds of support that can be aided with the help of the technology. The recent emerging technology has made the work of organisations and individuals very easy to a great extent. Now the patients daily routine works can be handled by technology and a personal 24*7 assistance may not be mandatory, thanks to the technology. The outdoor activities can be empowered by the help of assisting technology and that can give independence to the individual and freedom to the carrier. As in the case of Sally, she could drive and even pursue her job. With the technical support she could continue her hobbi es or household works like cooking and gardening, without being a burden on the family or society. Task 3 Using case studies: Mini Report The report here is about a patient Maggie, who is diagnosed suffering from Dementia. Dementia is a state where the mental health suffers. It is not a specific disease as such. It deals with various mental health ailments like the memory loss and weakness any other thinking powers; a sense of time also may get affected. Various mental implications are there attached to this problem. It may get so severe that can reduce the persons abilities to perform the day to day activities normally. It may create problem in the keeping track of a simple thing like a wallet, a short term memory loss can be observed in the patient. The person may feel difficulty in planning and preparing meals and keeping track and plan of travelling and appointments. 3.1 Identify Maggies specific needs Maggie is a lady aged 62, who lives a very active life. She has an early onset dementia. Dementia is generally related to Alzheimer. The memory loss and loss of a sense of timing and planning being the main feature it is considered as a serious problem faced by the elderly people generally (Ferrer, 2012). Maggie is suffering from a condition here she has lost the sense of time. The family and friends are concerned about her safety as she leaves the house at any time, especially at night. Living alone, this condition may be very dangerous for Maggie. So the most specific need of Maggie is she must have someone to accompany her at house as her husband has recently passed away. She has the home care assistance too appointed to her, but home care generally comes early in the morning when Maggie is nit found at home. This makes her treatment suffer lot by missing the medication and care needed. So she needs some system to keep track of her medication and food. But most importantly some sy stem to keep her alarmed about the timings and her sense of time and place. The alarming effects of dementia are many including the memory and thinking problems. These two specifically lead to a sense of loss at the part of patient in various forms. This may lead to loss of self esteem as the normal daily works need assistance now. It can lower the self confidence. Adversely affect the independence and autonomy that is a very difficult situation for an elderly person. The special roles and responsibilities start suffering as happened with Maggie in the case study, she cannot manage her house properly and her relations might suffer because of that. The ability to carry out the favourite hobbies or pass times also deteriorates. Even the basic daily activities like cooking; eating and driving get affected adversely and make the physical health aslo suffer. But all this doesnt mean that the person has lost his emotional and psychological abilities. He still has the emotional connection with the family, friends and society. Also the connection with the environment has altered but not diminished. So, proper care and technical assistance may help the patient in leading a rather normal life. 3.2 Recommend assistive devices to support Maggie to continue living independently Maggie needs help in mental activities and that can be supported by assistive devices designed for Dementia patients specially. The computerised care givers are the first type of technical assistance needed for the Dementia patients. MemeXerciser is an example of an emerging tool that is an intelligence device meant to provide cognitive support to the patient. Memory loss being the foremost problem, the most devastating one for the elderly persons, this device focuses on early assistance in this problem. Some more helpful devices can be robots that mimic human or animals and they can help the patient in moving around, bathing, and even provide the artificial social assistance. Even in some countries it has been introduced in the medical help by the governments themselves. Then the social media, computers and some little things like talking diaries, alarms, Memory Prompts and home security systems can help in the initial stages. Maggie may use them and live a rather comfortable and sa fer life. Also some other devices can be used by her like Medication aids so that she doesnt miss her medication. Locator devices are one more useful thing as it can be attached to the things which patient needs more often but forgets where placed. Also the patient can keep it in pocket so that if like Maggie does, goes out somewhere at odd hours, can be found by the family easily. 3.3 Evaluate the usefulness of technology for users of health and social care services The technology has made human life easier and much smoother. It helps in all the walks of life and in the health care it can prove to be a real boon. As far as the efficiency, compliance and quality of care is concerned, technical assistance can give numerous benefits to the care provider. The technical advancement and involvement may simplify the works of the care givers. The second very important benefit is that it can make the communication easy and fast between staff, patients and their families. The simpler the work gets, more rewarding it becomes. On the part of staff and patient both the technical assistance makes the work much more fruitful. Conclusion The fact is that the disabled person oneself is the best judge of ones needs and abilities. They must take themselves the initiative either individually or collectively in designing better solutions of their problems. Independent living must not be taken as living a life of isolation or living only on their own, but a life that has a control of the person himself and not anyone else. The surroundings must be made disabled friendly so that a disabled person can enjoy a normal life by commuting comfortably and going to places where non-disabled persons go and do the similar activities. The schools, offices and parks etc. have to be designed in a way that disabled person can use it independently without hassle. Then one more important fact is that no one must be forced to use any technology if it is not right or comfortable for them. too much dependence on the technical support may make the patient suffer more emotionally and that is a serious threat. References- Davey, A. (1999). With Respect to Old Age--Findings of the Royal Commission on Long-Term Care in the United Kingdom. Public Policy Aging Report, 10(3). Davies, S. (2013). The latest revolution [next manufacturing revolution]. Engineering Technology, 8(9). Independent Living May Reduce Recidivism. (2004). Psychiatric News, 39(24). Kim, Younsu, and Ryu, Hoyoung, (2012). Determinants of Users' Satisfaction with Social Care Services. Health and Social Welfare Review, 32(3). Higginson, I., Jefferys, P. and Hodgson, C. (1997). Outcome measures for routine use in dementia services: some practical considerations. Quality and Safety in Health Care, 6(3). Copley, J. and Ziviani, J. (2004). Barriers to the use of assistive technology for children with multiple disabilities. Occupational Therapy International, 11(4). Wahlster, P., Scahill, S., Lu, C. and Babar, Z. (2015). Barriers to access and use of high cost medicines: A review. Health Policy and Technology. Case Study. (2002). Rehabilitation Nursing, 27(1). Ferrer, I. (2012). Defining Alzheimer as a common age-related neurodegenerative process not inevitably leading to dementia. Progress in Neurobiology, 97(1). Swaffer, K. (2014). Dementia: Stigma, Language, and Dementia-friendly. Dementia, 13(6). Etscheidt, S. (2012). "Truly Disabled?": An Analysis of LD Eligibility Issues Under the Individuals With Disabilities Education Act. Journal of Disability Policy Studies, 24(3). Yang, C. (2013). Being independent from whom? Analysing two interpretations in the paradigm of independent living. Disability Society, 29(5). Groups with specific needs. (2006). Family Practice, 23(Supplement 1). Future health care technology. (1986). Health Policy, 6(4). David Johnson, J. (2014). Physician's emerging roles relating to trends in health information technology. Informatics for Health and Social Care. Technology in society. (1989). Technology in Society, 11(4).

Social and Situated Theories of Learning

Introduction Learning can at times be a very difficult task. Although there is a sense of achievement after one is able to learn something, it is not always easy for such an individual during the process of learning.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Social and Situated Theories of Learning specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is particularly difficult for someone who is trying to learn skills that they are not familiar with or difficult concepts that may require a lot effort to be able to learn. Various scholars have come up with theories to explain how effective learning can take place. For example, Kolb has described learning as an individual’s experiences that happen in cycle. However, this process of learning does not cater for the emotional experiences of the learner. Another theory that has been advanced to explain how learning can effectively take place is the social learning theory. The social learni ng theory refers to a method of learning that is usually attributed to Albert Bandura. This theory is mostly used in learning institutions. However, it can also be applied in a workplace setting to improve the outcome. The theory purports that learning occurs through observation and socialization. This means that people learn from each other as they socialize and observe one another in a particular setting, for example, in the workplace. By using the social learning theory, one is able to promote the right employee behavior within the workplace, hence increase productivity. This theory helps one to effectively direct the employees’ behavior in order to encourage the appropriate behavior that is necessary for the growth of the organization. This paper shall address the concept of social learning and the situated theories. The paper shall further look into ways in which these two theories can help trainers facilitate effective learning in their places of work Social theory of l earning and its application in the learning process at the workplace The main proponent of social theory of learning, who is also the pioneer, is called Albert Bandura. The theory proposes that a lot of learning takes place through observation. He suggests that three models are useful in this theory. They include the live model, verbal instruction and the symbolic. The live model involves learning of desired behavior through demonstration.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This happens when a person does the demonstration while those observing are expected to learn the desired behavior from the person demonstrating by mere observation. In verbal instruction model, the desired behavior is expected to be depicted after detailed instructions concerning this desired behavior is given verbally. The listeners are given instructions clearly and accurately and are expected to show this behavior depending on how well they have understood the detailed description of the desired behavior. Finally, the symbolic model suggests that behavior can be acquired through observing characters in the media for example, those who act in various programs. The internet and different forms of literature are also very helpful tools in symbolic modeling. In this type of modeling, the characters who are acting in these programs demonstrate certain behaviors that are imitated by those watching, listening or reading them. Steps in modeling process Attention According to Bandura (1977), certain steps are very important in the modeling process in behavior acquisition. The first step is attention. For learning to take place through any of the three models of behavior acquisition, it is very vital for the individual to be attentive to the behavior that is being exhibited. One is sure to capture the features of the behavior being modeled if they pay attention to it. This makes it easier for them to replicate the behavior they have observed. Retention Again, retention of what one has learnt after paying attention to a certain behavior being modeled is important, if an individual is to replicate the same behavior (Bandura Walters, 1963). It is important for one to remember what one has learnt for easier imitation of the behavior. Reproduction Reproduction is the other step that is vital in the learning process that occurs through observation as proposed by Bandura. Reproduction of behavior occurs when one is able to keenly observe and retain what they have seen. However, it requires a lot of practice for one to accurately reproduce the behavior they have observed.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Social and Situated Theories of Learning specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Motivation Finally, motivation is necessary for an individual to reproduce the behavior they have observed. If there is no incentive for one to reproduce a certain behavior, one may not be willing to put any effort to reproduce the behavior. Motivation is therefore helpful in encouraging one to reproduce a certain desired behavior. Bobo doll experiments To validate his beliefs, Bandura did some experiments using a doll that was known as Bobo. Children were used as the participants of this experiment. These children were placed in three groups. The three groups were expected to exhibit different behavior, depending on the people who were modeling the desired behavior. One of the three groups was used as the control group. One of the remaining two groups was exposed to an adult model, where aggressive behavior was depicted. The last group was exposed to an adult model that was passive. The group that was exposed to the aggressive adult model observed as the adults behaved in an aggressive manner towards the Bobo doll. Some of the aggressive behavior exhibited by the adults in this group included verbal and physical abuse t owards the doll. On the other hand, those adults in the passive group engaged in peaceful interaction with the doll. This means that they avoided any aggressive behavior towards the doll. The two groups behaved in the particular manner they did as children in their groups observed them. After the adults in these groups were through with modeling desired behavior, the children were then given an opportunity to play with the Bobo doll. During play, children who were observing the adults who behaved in an aggressive manner imitated this and behaved in a similar manner when playing with the doll. This means that they were able to imitate what they had seen the adults doing. Compared to the girls in the groups, boys showed a greater tendency to engage in physically aggressive behavior. However, the likelihood for both the boys and the girls in this group to engage in verbal aggression was almost the same. These results helped back up Bandura’s proposition that modeling is very hel pful and influential in the learning process.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More When those who were involved in modeling a certain behavior were punished for any wrong doings, those observing this were able to keep off from such behavior that they observed the model doing and they were punished. This helped in teaching and learning of the right behavior. The social learning theory, developed by Julian Rotter, further suggests that the motivation to engage in a certain behavior is heightened or decreased by the effects that the behavior has on the person engaging in the behavior. A positive outcome of a certain behavior increases the likelihood of occurrence of the behavior while a negative outcome decreases the probability of the occurrence of the behavior. Positive outcomes therefore reinforce the behavior that brings the outcome. In suggesting this, the proponent of this school of thought sought to clarify that the behavior that an individual exhibits is not only determined by psychological factors only but also environmental factors play a great role as well . Social learning therefore, purports that both psychological and environmental factors are vital in influencing behavior. The social learning theory is very useful in modeling the behavior of employees in a place of work. This theory suggests that for any behavior to be learnt, the first step should be modeling that behavior. Trainers can facilitate effective learning in the workplace through modeling the desired behavior instead of just describing to the employees the expected behavior. They should act in the manner they expect the employees to act. When the employees see the trainers model a certain behavior, they are able to imitate the behavior and understand what the desired behavior entails. It is also easier for the employees to reproduce the desired behavior once they see it being modeled by their trainers. Another way that the trainers can help to facilitate effective learning in the workplace is through encouraging the employees to imitate the modeled behavior. Encouragem ent to imitate and reproduce the desired behavior can be done in many ways. For example, the trainers can directly tell the employees to imitate the modeled behavior. Again, encouragement can be done through publicly rewarding employees who exhibit the desired behavior. This gives every employee an opportunity to see the desired behavior and copy it especially, when they see that there is a reward for this. The trainers can also facilitate effective training through observing the employees as they carry out their various tasks. The trainers should continually watch the employees as they carry out the desired behavior in order to ensure that they are doing the behavior in the right way as it was modeled to them. In case the trainer notices that the employees are going astray at some point, they should step in immediately to correct them and help behave appropriately. To facilitate effective learning, the trainers should also stipulate the consequences that employees should face in ca se they fail to exhibit the desired behavior. The consequences should not be unnecessarily harsh on the employees. They can be corrections done verbally at the point the trainer notices behavioral deviation. However, in case of major behavioral deviation, serious consequences can result. Such may include formal sanctions. Self efficacy has great impact on the social learning theory. Self efficacy simply refers to the belief held by an individual concerning their ability to acquire skills and knowledge in a successful manner. This implies that an individual may not be able to reproduce a certain behavior they observe if they do not believe that behaving in the same manner will have the same result as the one they observed. To encourage acquisition of certain behavior, trainers can use formal and informal mentoring programs. These would help employees develop their various competencies through observing others. Employees are likely to reproduce the behavior they see modeled if it has positive rewards or outcomes. Application of the principles of social learning theory in training at the workplace can also encourage effective training. Trainers should use videos and role play, among others, to demonstrate certain concepts while carrying out training in the workplace. These are very effective tools in conveying the desired workplace behavior that should be copied by the employees. Situated learning theory and its application in the learning process by trainers at the workplace Situated learning theory was the proposition of Lave and Wenger. Situated learning is simply learning that happens in a given context and its application takes place within the same context where learning took place. The two are of the opinion that learning is not necessarily the process of transfer of abstract concepts from one person to another. They instead view the learning process as a social process whereby one gains knowledge through the experiences they go through and use the knowled ge to solve certain problems that can be solved using this acquired knowledge. This means that learning is possible to take place in a particular context or environmental setting. Learning takes place through socialization with one’s environment as well as imitation of what one is observing. Learning therefore occurs while people are trying to solve certain problems they have encountered in their community of practice (Miller Dollard, 1941). This can be interpreted to mean that learning is problem based. In an attempt to find solutions to real life problems that one may encounter, learning occurs. The two therefore suggest that being social is very vital for the learning process to take place. In a community of practice, people tend to learn more from those who have more knowledge than them. A problem-based approach should therefore be considered when setting the curriculum for schools. This is effective in preparing the students to work in an environment that would require a problem-based approach to learn what is required for the particular task (Leave Wenger, 1991). Situated learning gives employees a chance to put into practice what they have learnt while doing tasks related to their jobs. In a workplace setting, this theory is very helpful because it encourages learning to take place among peers working in the same environment. Solving of the existing problems and any other that may arise in the course of carrying out various tasks as well as coming up with new ideas are some of the ways that this theory helps in facilitation of effective learning in the workplace. Everyone in the workplace is able to experience the benefits of the learning process that takes place through this theory or learning. These benefits are not only felt within the organization where situated learning is taking place but also in the wider community where such an organization operates. Organizations can also use situated learning theory to help in cutting down the costs o f training that the organization may incur if it conducts structured training, which is usually theoretical in nature and is done by third parties. Instead of doing this, organizations can choose to use situated learning. This involves informal learning which takes place in the particular area that an individual is allocated to carry out different tasks. While carrying out these tasks, one is able to acquire the necessary knowledge and skills. This means that they do not necessarily need the structured theoretical training to be able to acquire the required knowledge and skills. Situated learning therefore saves the organization any unnecessary costs that they may have incurred if they conducted structured training. Organizations are nowadays looking for ways which they can use to encourage learning within the communities of practice where they are based. Again, situated learning helps the organization avoid wasting resources and time which may be incurred if training of what is not necessary is done during structured learning (Greeno, 1998). This is because, when giving abstract instruction, one may give too much or too little that may be needed to carry out certain tasks. On the contrary, situation learning helps in acquisition of knowledge that is relevant to the task that one is supposed to accomplish. Situated learning is useful in facilitating effective learning in the workplace. For example, it can be very useful in military training. This means that whatever those who are undergoing training learn is applicable in their place of work. They can therefore effectively apply the skills and knowledge they have gained in a practical setting if need be. Most of what they are taught is not abstract but knowledge that is relevant and applicable in their immediate setting. Using the situated theory of learning, the trainer can encourage a culture of learning in the workplace that recognizes and values the opinions of everyone in the workplace. According to Hung (2002), the trainer should understand that people tend to process and understand concepts more clearly if they are in an environment where there are multiple opinions and beliefs being aired by different peopled without being suppressed. The trainer should therefore, encourage all the employees to freely air out their views and opinions without f ear of being intimidated or ignored. This way, learning takes place easily and more effectively. The understanding of major concepts that employees are expected to learn is also strengthened if this method is used to encourage the employees to speak out their minds. Situated theories can be very helpful when doing training in certain fields. For example, those in the field of architecture can learn by observing the master architects as they work. The novice architects are therefore able to learn and apply what they have learnt in their field of study. Experiential learning can happen in two different ways. First, learning happens through th e acquisition and application of knowledge within the immediate environment where it takes place. This kind of learning is at times funded by formal institutions of learning. It can also be done through training programs that are organized by organizations to equip the employees with the relevant skills and knowledge that is required to carry out certain tasks. Again, learning can occur when one is involved in various activities in their day to day life. In this type of learning, acquisition of knowledge is not an activity that is funded or monitored by formal institutions of learning. Learning occurs through critical thinking and evaluation about the happenings of everyday in an individual’s life. Experience has therefore, been considered as one of the greatest and most effective way that can be used to enhance learning. There are different approaches that have been used to define and expound on the concept of learning. Learning is usually seen as a continuous process, not m erely a final product of a certain short term project. According to Schell Black (1997), the views that one holds are a result of the experience one has accumulated over the years. As one continues to have different experiences in life, they are able to modify any wrong misconceptions they may have about life. Learning is therefore viewed as an ongoing process that enables one to acquire knowledge. Knowledge is got from the experiences that learners go through. In the process of learning, the learner encounters situations that require them to solve various conflicts that may arise from time to time. This means that the learning process is not a smooth one but requires constant application of one’s problem solving skills. Learning is also viewed as a vital part of the human life. This is because it helps an individual adapt well to their physical and social environment. What one learns individually from their experiences is reflected in how they behaved towards their environm ent. This theory can also be used by trainers to help the employees become aware of the skills and competencies that they may be lacking but are not aware. The trainer should therefore look for a good way to inform the employees of the competencies that they are lacking and how they can acquire them. In so doing, the employees will be able to see the need and relevance of training in the workplace and will be receptive towards the measures that the trainers will take to ensure that the necessary competencies are acquired. Learning takes place easily in an environment where employees are aware of the deficient skills and are willing to go through training programs in order to acquire these skills. If the employees are unaware of the need for training, learning is not an easy task. This is why the trainer needs to be sure that the employees in the workplace understand their training needs and are ready to embrace the necessary measures that the trainer may take to ensure that they are competent in their areas of specialization. With the realization that one is not doing what they are supposed to do effectively and training can help them improve this, learning becomes very easy. According to Adams, Cochrane Dunne (2012), the trainer should also show sensitivity to the employees’ feelings when designing certain training programs. This is because, the employees can feel very discouraged if they realize that training programs have been designed to teach them new ways of doing certain tasks because they were doing the tasks the wrong way all through. Training should be designed in such a manner that skills that are meant to be acquired are learnt in easy and simple steps. This helps those being trained in the workplace have satisfaction that they have been able to master some of the required skills before being engaged in the next step, which may involve mastering more complex skills. The trainer should structure the training in such a manner that simple lear ning methods, which will cause employee satisfaction, are used. Using complex methods that the employees may find difficult may hinder the learning process from taking place, hence, not meeting the objective for training. The employees may therefore become discouraged along the way and give up trying to learn because the lack the motivation that comes as a result of achieving the set goal. If the employees become obsessed with the fact that there are a lot of things that they do not know and they are not able to learn these things through the training that is being offered to them, they may also become rebellious or uncooperative. The employees might also develop a negative attitude towards training. For learning in a workplace to take place effectively, a safe psychological environment is necessary. Such an environment allows the employees to comfortably air their views and opinions without fear of being intimidated or misunderstood. This also, allows the employees to speak openly about issues of concern to them without being unnecessarily concerned about what others or the trainer might think about them. Adams, Cochrane Dunne (2012) suggest that when planning to organize training that deals with sensitive issues such as personal styles and attitudes, it may be wise for the trainer to use an external independent trainer. The trainer, in this case, should be someone who does not work with the employees regularly. This would enhance the learning process because the employees are more open to such a person. The employees are able to voice their concerns more easily without fear of being quoted as having said something that was displeasing to the employer. Openness and participation that is likely to be witnessed in such a setting is very vital to the learning process. Conclusion Training has often been confused with learning but the two are very different. Training is one of the means through which learning take place. However, it is not the only method that ca n be used by trainers to enhance learning within the workplace. There certain considerations that should be put in place if effective learning is to take place through training. Training can be considered as faulty if it is badly designed or badly delivered. It can also be regarded as faulty if it is designed based on a wrong diagnosis of the needs in the workplace. Moreover, it is considered inappropriate in meeting certain learning needs, which can only be met effectively through use of other means such as mentoring. Although the purpose of training remains to be generation of learning outcomes, there is still no single universally acceptable method that is recommended to do this. Two theories have been very useful in the learning that comes as a result of training. The social learning theory and the situated learning have been used by many organizations to help in meeting the training needs in a workplace. The two theories are very important in facilitating effective learning in the workplace. This is because, the focus that the trainer takes when using these two theories in training at the workplace enhance acquisition of the relevant skills through simple and cheap ways such as mentoring and observation. The employees are then able to replicate the modeled behavior. This is better that the conventional methods of training that are usually emphasized at the expense of such simple and effective methods. The social learning theory and the situated theory are therefore very vital theories that trainers can used to facilitate effective training at the workplace. Reference List Adams, J., Cochrane, M., Dunne, L., 2012. Applying Theory to educational  research: an introductory approach with case studies. West Sussex: John Willey Sons Ltd. Bandura, A., 1977. Social Learning Theory. New York: General Learning Press. Bandura, A. Walters, R., 1963. Social Learning and Personality Development. New York: Holt, Rinehart Winston. Greeno, J. G., 1998. The Situativi ty of Knowing, Learning, and Research.  American Psychologist, 53(1), 5-26. Hung, D., 2002. Situated cognition and problem-based learning: implications for learning and instruction with technology. Journal of Interactive Learning Research, 13(4), 393-415. Leave, J. Wenger, E., 1991. Situated Learning. Legitimate peripheral  participation. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press Miller, N. Dollard, J., 1941. Social Learning and Imitation. New Haven, NJ: Yale University Press. Schell, J. W., Black, R. S., 1997. Situated learning: An inductive case study of a collaborative learning experience. Journal of Industrial Teacher Education, 34, 5-28. 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